Diaphoretic and laxative (stem); tonic and antiperiodic (root bark); antiperiodic and anticancer, diaphoretic and antipyretic, stimulates the cardiovascular system and alleviates spasms (root).

Aperient, carminative, febrifuge, ophthalmic, antiprotozoal, antiviral, anticancer, stimulates the cardiovascular system, respiration and alleviates spasms (root).

Anticancer, antiscorbutic, laxative, cardiovascular system stimulant, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal and astringent (rhizome).

As an emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant and antispasmodic (roots and seeds); vermifuge (leaf tea); antidiarrhetic (whole plant); antibacterial(plant extract).

Insecticidal, antibacterial and spasmolytic (alcoholic extract of the roots); antidiabetic (leaf paste)

Febrifuge (plant); antispasmodic, slightly cholagogue and ophthalmic (flowers and flower buds).

Anticancer and alleviates spasms (aerial part); as a contraceptive by the hill tribes of Kerala (juice of the ripe fruit, and stone); vermifuge (wood)

Antiseptic (flower extract) and antimicrobial (plant extract); diaphoretic (leaves); antispasmodic, emmenagogue and stimulant (flowers); antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aperient, astringent, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, skin, stimulant and vulnerary (flowers and leaves)

Astringent, anti-inflammatory, purgative, antihaemorrhagic, hypothermic, alleviates spasms and stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems (aerial part).

Antiarrhythmic and alleviates spasms (root); anticancer (root and leaf); hypotensive (latex); laxative (plant juice); digestive, stomachic and tonic(flower); emetic, diaphoretic, alternative and purgative (root- bark and juice).

Antiinflammatory (leaf and root); stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, spermicidal, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and rubefacient (plant); diaphoretic, emetic and expectorant(root).

Anodyne, anthelmintic, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, narcotic and tonic (seed). It is a pain-killer, sleep-inducer and used to relieve some of the unpleasant side effects suffered by people undergoing chemotherapy. Stimulates the secretion of gastric juices (flower); induces sleep, aphrodisiac, on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, depresses respiration, analgesic, entheogenic, induces euphoria, hypnotic, intoxicant, narcotic, alleviates spasms.

Diuretic, anticancer and alleviates spasms (aerial part).

Antispasmodic, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and tonic

Sedative, stomachic, antihidrotic and diuretic (root bark); alleviates spasms (50% EtOH aerial part extract).

Antibiotic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, mildly diuretic, emetic in large doses, febrifuge and purgative (root)

Laxative, reduces blood cholesterol and alleviates spasms (seed); kills bacteria, diaphoretic, diuretic and neutralizes uric acid.

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, emmenagogue, galactogogue, stimulant, expectorant, antiemetic and relieves bad breath (seed); aids in digestion and carminative (seed and fruit); alleviates spasms (essential plant oil and alcohol fruit extract).

Laxative, diuretic (fruit pulp); antiviral (aerial part); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system; toxic (to fish) (fruit juice); anthelmintic eaf paste)

Anthelmintic (fruit and leaf); alleviates spasms and antiviral (aerial part and root); stops bleeding (bark); coolant and reduces fever (leaf); anthelmintic, emetic (pods); alexipharmic and cooling (seeds); astringent (flowers)