Analgesic, aphrodisiac, astringent, narcotic, hypothermic and lowers blood pressure (latex); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system (fruit); laxative (seed); increases nerve strength, sedative, relieves pain, anticonvulsive, emollient.

Sedative, tranquilizer

A valuable non-addictive sedative and tranquilliser, slightly reduces blood pressure and increases respiratory rate (plant); antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic, hypnotic, narcotic, sedative and vasodilator (leaves and stems).

Sedative, hypnotic (seeds); vermifuge (roots and leaf decoction); bitter, anthelmintic and moderately astringent (leaves).

Antibacterial, anticoagulant, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge haemostatic and resolvent (root); antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatic and sedative (whole plant)

Sedative, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, stomachic, tonic, hypothermic, alleviates spasms, antiasthmatic, abortifacient and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); stimulating the intestinal tract (essential oil); carminative, antiinflammatory and diaphoretic (seed, stem and leaf); antiasthmatic, antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

Aphrodisiac, antibilious & mild sedative agent.

Antidote, antiemetic, antipyretic and refrigerant (stem); antiasthmatic, antiemetic, antipyretic, antitussive, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, lithontripic, sedative, sialogogue and stomachic (root).

Antipyretic and diuretic (leaves); antipyretic, antitussive, expectorant and sedative (juice of the stems); antiemetic, depurative and sedative (epidermis of the stem bark); astringent, antipyretic, diuretic and styptic (root).

Antipyretic and diuretic (leaves); antipyretic, antitussive, expectorant and sedative (juice of the stems); antiemetic and sedative (epidermis of the stem bark); astringent, antipyretic, depurative, diuretic and styptic (roots).

Antibiotic, antiseptic, balsamic, expectorant and sedative (buds, leaves and resin); rubefacient and stimulant (pitch or resin from trunk).

Antiemetic, antiphlogistic, expectorant, febrifuge, sialagogue and styptic (root); analgesic, antiemetic, anticancer and sedative (plant extract).

Kills mosquito larvae, anthelmintic and antiviral (essential oil); antibacterial (seed); antiasthmatic, irritant, carminative, sedative, diuretic and antidysenteric (fruit)

Analgesic, antitussive, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, odontalgic, sedative and stimulant (resin).

Sedative and tonic (seed)

Stomachic, refrigerant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, tonic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, haemostatic and antitussive (leaves); tonic, sedative, tranquillizer, aphrodisiac, antitussive and haemostatic (seeds)

Anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiphlogistic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, expectorant, haemolytic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (roots).

Anthelmintic (leaves); abortifacient and emmenagogue (leaf sap or decoction); sedative (decoction of leaves).

Acts as a kidney tonic (leaves); diuretic, expectorant, antiseptic, haemolytic and sedative (roots); analgesic, diuretic, expectorant and nervine (plant).

Expectorant and stimulant (plant); antibacterial, cardiotonic, cerebrotonic, expectorant, haemolytic, hypotensive, sedative and tonic (root); tonic for the kidneys (leaves).