The seed is analgesic, demulcent, emollient, laxative, pectoral and resolvent; increases nerve strength (flower); emollient, expectorant, reduces fever, laxative, aphrodisiac, diuretic and carminative.

Stimulates the cardiovascular system, bechic, emollient and resolvent (plant) and antiinflammatory (leaf)

Resolvent and sedative (leaves).

Coolant, resolvent and laxative (seeds); expectorant (roots)

Medicinally it is used as a sedative, diuretic, expectorant, discutient, and sialagogue, and internally only as an emetic, when all other emetics fail. The leaves are antispasmodic, discutient, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, irritant, narcotic, sedative and sialagogue.

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, astringent, cardiotonic, discutient, diuretic, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic, styptic, tonic and vulnerary (roots); antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cardiotonic, diuretic, haemostatic and hypoglycaemic (roots and flowers)

Antibacterial, anticoagulant, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge haemostatic and resolvent (root); antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatic and sedative (whole plant)

Diuretic, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (seed); antibacterial, anticancer, antidepressant, antipyretic, cardioprotective, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, resolvent, mutagenic.

Expectorant and prevents stones in the urinary tract; aromatic, acrid, pungent, diuretic and diaphoretic (dried root); antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, resolvent and stomachic (leaves and root)

Antiperiodic, antitussive, cardiotonic, demulcent, diuretic, energizer, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, resolvent, sedative and tonic (root); diuretic and stimulant (infusion of roots)

Cathartic, cyanogenetic, discutient, emetic, stomachic, and vulnerary.

Healing, antiinflammatory and expectorant; astringent, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, mildly expectorant and resolvent (leaves and flowering shoots)

Alleviates spasms, stimulates the cardiovascular system and antiinflammatory; emollient, resolvent and vumerary (plant)

Antiemetic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardiac tonic, carminative, cordial, resolvent (root); anticancer and stimulates the cardiovascular system (plant); expectorant and carminative (root and plant); toxic, laxative and digestive (fruits).

Restorative and tonic (leaves); analgesic, antibacterial, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, depurative, emmenagogue, febrifuge, resolvent, tonic and vasodilator (flowering stem); cardiotonic and haemostatic (seeds)

Aanodyne, antiphlogistic, blood purifier, depurative, febrifuge, resolvent, diuretic and galactagogue (root); vermifuge (seed); bechic and expectorant (roots and seeds).

Antivinous, bilious, demulcent, discutient, diuretic, emollient, excipient, intoxicant, laxative, useful as a poultice, restorative, sedative

Anodyne, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, styptic and vulnerary (seed); febrifuge and tonic (sap)

Anodyne, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, styptic and vulnerary (seed); febrifuge and tonic (plant sap)