Antiinflammatory, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, laxative, refrigerant, vulnerary (plant)

Anodyne, astringent (mild), demulcent, emollient, expectorant, haemostatic, refrigerant, vulnerary (root and leaf)

Antiviral (flower); laxative and reduces fever (fruit pulp); astringent (seed); refrigerants in fevers and as laxatives and carminatives.

Cooling and stomachic (seeds); refrigerant (fruits)

Diuretic (leaves); astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, haemostatic, refrigerant, sedative, suppurative and vulnerary (pollen); anticoagulant and haemostatic (dried pollen); diuretic, galactogogue, refrigerant and tonic (roots).

Emollient, refrigerant and styptic (leaves); maturative (flowers); pectoral and expectorant in dry coughs (decoction of flowers); vermifuge (decoction of seeds).

Antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, refrigerant (leaves).

Astringent and stimulates the central nervous system (root); carminative and hypothermic (root oil); diaphoretic (root oil and leaf decoction), diaphoretic (leaves), carminative, stimulant, refrigerant and antibacterial.

Hypnotic, narcotic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (seeds); useful in arresting secretion or bleeding (bark); purifies the blood and aids digestion, increases the function of the brain by releasing more glutamic acid into the bloodstream (fruit); astringent and febrifuge (leaves); anodyne, anticancer, pectoral, refrigerant, sedative, stomachic, styptic and tonic (dried fruits).