The seed, with the husk removed, is antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic; astringent and irritant (plant); anticancer (grain); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative, vermifuge (fruits)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative and vermifuge (fruits); antitumor (plant); antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic (seed without husk); anthelmintic (decoction of the roots).

Rhizome is bitter, astringent, acrid, cooling, purgative, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, depurative, febrifuge, expectorant, tonicanthelmintic, antiinflammatory, stimulant, antifertility and anticholinesterase activity; alleviates spasms and lowers blood pressure (seed); astringent (root).

Emmenagogue, abortifacient, refrigerant, demulcent, emetic, purgative and abortive (leaves). Root is astringent; seeds are corrective of blood, antiimplantation and toxic to the liver.

The root has alternative, aphrodisiac, refrigerant, diuretic and tonic properties; depresses central nervous system, lowers blood pressure and antiamphetaminic (50% EtOH stem and root extract); stimulates lactation (plant).

The seed is cooling, diuretic, tonic and vermifuge. hypothermic. The fruit is depurative, diuretic, emollient, purgative and resolvent; emollient and tones the skin. as well as protects it from the sun.

Cooling and demulcent (tuber); stimulant and carminative (rhizome); hepatoprotective

Astringent (stem bark); laxative, astringent and anti-inflammatory (seed); antivinous, astringent, cardiac, carminative, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, peptic, refrigerant, restorative, stimulant and tonic (fruit)

Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, febrifuge, ophthalmic, refrigerant and sedative (flower heads).

Astringent (fruit and stem bark); acrid, bitter and oleaginous (unripe fruit); cooling, anti-inflammatory, constipating, depurative and febrifuge (bark); diuretic, carminative, laxative, ophthalmic and stypic (leaves); diuretic and aphrodisiac (flowers).

Sweet, acrid, oleaginous, cooling and digestible.

Acrid, coolant, refrigerant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, expectorant, cardiotonic, antipyretic, antioxidative, antiviral, anti-emetic.

Acrid, bitter and anodyne (root); anthelmintic (root bark); wood (refrigerant).

The seeds are used as cooling and tonic, antidiarrheal, astringent and hypoglycemic (bark); reduces fever (seed); stops bodily secretions and hemostatic (bark and leaf buds); emollient, demulcent and alleviates pain (fruit).

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (roots)

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (root)

Appetizer, bitter tonic, digestive, febrifuge, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant and stomachic

Stimulates the liver and increases the secretion of gastric juices (plant); purifies blood, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (root).

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (roots)