Anticoagulant, antiseptic, antitussive, antiviral, diuretic, purgative and stomachic (buds); abortifacient, anticoagulant, diuretic, purgative and vesicant (root)

Bitter, febrifuge and purgative (plant)

Purgative (leaves); emetic, expectorant, febrifuge and purgative (root)

Astringent (root); antihelminthic, purgative, laxative and diuretic (bark).

Antirheumatic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, nervine, purgative and resolvent (flowers and stems); aphrodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, stomachic and tonic (seeds); analgesic, antibacterial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, cardiotonic, cardiotoxic, deobstruent, depurative, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, myotonic, peristaltic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (tea made from flowers).

Stimulant, febrifuge and laxative; antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative, purgative, stimulant, vasodilator (leaves and flowering stems)

Stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part), emetic, irritant, purgative, stomachic.

An excellent purgative and diuretic (dried root)

Antiperiodic, cathartic and anticancerous (whole plant); febrifuge and vermifuge (leaves and stems); anthelmintic (root); purgative (oil from the seeds)

Drastic purgative and diuretic

Anticancer, antiseptic, cathartic, emetic and purgative (plant); violent purgative and rubefacient (leaves); depilatory (latex in the stems); diuretic, parasiticide, antitumor and purgative (seed)

The plant is bitter, pungent, laxative, carminative and alexipharmic. The milky juice of its stem is used as purgative, rubefacient and expectorant, laxative, expectorant and diuretic (latex); dilates bronchial tubes (latex and stem).

As a purgative (crushed rootstocks);

Purgative (bark); abortifacient (roots); anthelmintic (resin); anticolic (leaves).

Externally applied as a febrifuge (leaves); purgative and emetic (decoction of root bark).

Tonic, lactagogue and emetic (fruits); as purgative and emetic (fruits, seeds and bark).

Chewed as an antidote (roots); purgative (latex of leaves and fruits); emetic (fruits); sudorific to headaches (leaves); diuretic (decoction of roots).

Bitter tonic, astringent, antiperiodic (bark); astringent, cathartic, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative and purgative (leaves); carminative (seed)

Antidote, antitussive, astringent, expectorant, galactogogue and purgative (bulb)

Alterative, aperient, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, diuretic, hemostat, pectoral, purgative, sudorific and tonic (plant).