Stimulant, febrifuge and laxative; antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative, purgative, stimulant, vasodilator (leaves and flowering stems)

Antiperiodic, cathartic and anticancerous (whole plant); febrifuge and vermifuge (leaves and stems); anthelmintic (root); purgative (oil from the seeds)

Its stem-extract has antifungal properties and the aerial parts are antiprotozoal. Emetic, laxative, rubefacient, anticancer and astringent (plant); stimulates the central nervous system. hypothermic and antiprotozoal (aerial part).

Externally applied as a febrifuge (leaves); purgative and emetic (decoction of root bark).

Alleviates spasms, antiviral, stimulates the cardiovascular system and antagonistic to the effect of amphetamine (aerial part); bitter astringent, tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge (plant)

Anodyne, anthelmintic, antiphlogistic, carminative, depurative and febrifuge (whole plant); capillary tonic, antioedemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and hypotensive (leaves)

Antipyretic (leaves)

Febrifuge (leaves).

Antirheumatic (seed); diuretic, alleviates spasms, hypothermic, antistrychnine and stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems (aerial part); anthelminthic (fruit)

Used as an antipyretic in post-partum fevers (root).

Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal (seeds); antiseptic (herb); stimulates the heart, nervous system, gall bladder, antidote, antiphlogistic, antitussive, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative and tonic (fruit)

Anthelmintic, febrifuge and vulnerary

Antitussive, astringent, demulcent, expectorant, febrifuge and pectoral (bulb)

Anti-asthmatic, anti-pyretic, anti-rheumatic, febrifuge, galactogogue, haemostatic, ophthalmic and oxytocic (bulb)

Alterative, antiphlogistic, aperient, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, tonic and vulnerary (whole plant except root)

Acts as a febrifuge (decoction of the leaves and bark); emmenagogue (root decoction); astringent (rind extract)

Febrifuge (leaves)

Antiperiodic and febrifuge (leaves); abortifacient (infusion of leaves)

Analgesic, anticholinesterase, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antidote, bronchodilator, CNS depressant, diaphoretic, hypotensive, mydriatic, nervine, respirasedative, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (root).

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (roots)