Diuretic and febrifuge (decoction of root)

Depurative, diuretic and febrifuge (root); antitussive and sialagogue (stem)

Anodyne, antitussive and expectorant (decoction of dried root); febrifuge (decoction of all parts)

Anti-inflammatory (pounded rhizome); diuretic (decoction of whole plant); decongestant, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antimalarial (whole plant).

Used as febrifuge (smoke from the pith).

As tonic, stimulant, stomachic, febrifuge and astringent (plant); diuretic (rhizome)

Astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic, carminative, increases the secretion of gastric juices, stimulant and diaphoretic (tuber); antipyretic and antiinflammatory (rhizome oil)analgesic, antibacterial, antibiotic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, contraceptive, emmenagogue, lithontripic, sedative, antierysipelas, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge.

Analgesic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antiviral, depurative, febrifuge and haemostatic (rhizome)

Bitter, febrifuge and purgative (plant)

Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, febrifuge, ophthalmic, refrigerant and sedative (flower heads).

Atiscorbutic and astringent (flowers, leaves); Cardiotonic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, laxative, restorative and tonic (seed)

Analgesic and antiinflammatory (root), Astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, expectorant, laxative, nervine, tonic.

Used as tonic after childbirth (decoction of roots); antipyretic (plant); antihemorrhagic (bark).

Diuretic and febrifuge (whole plant)

Anthelmintic, antibacterial, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge and haemostatic (whole plant)

Purgative (leaves); emetic, expectorant, febrifuge and purgative (root)

Abortifacient, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aromatic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, stimulant and tonic (flowering stem, root bark)

Astringent (leaf and bark); hypothermic and stimulates the cardiovascular and central nervous systems (leaf); antimicrobial (seed extract); tonic and laxative (fruit)

Antimicrobial (seed extract) and antipyretic (leaf), contraceptive.

Astringent (unripe fruit); Employed as an astringent and taken internally as a febrifuge (leaf decoction).