Used as a febrifuge and in large amounts as a general antidote (bark).

Astringent, demulcent, mildly expectorant, haemostatic, ophthalmic and antibiotic (leaf); Diuretic, hypothermic and antibacterial (plant); vulnerary, alterative, astringent and antiinflammatory (root and leaf); ; diuretic, purgative and haemostatic (seeds)

Stomachic, refrigerant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, tonic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, haemostatic and antitussive (leaves); tonic, sedative, tranquillizer, aphrodisiac, antitussive and haemostatic (seeds)

Diaphoretic, antipyretic and astringent (leaf and root); stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); antidysenteric and nervine tonic (leaf).

Cholinergic and relaxes smooth muscles, antipyretic, analgesic, laxative and nervine tonic (plant); antiinflammatory (stem); antiimplantation (aerial part); succulent, aperient (leaves); alexiteric, antipyretic, bitter, laxative and thermogenic (root)

Alternative, antipyretic, astringent, diaphoretic, expectorant

Febrifuge

Antipyretic, spermicidal, antivenin (plant); antiinflammatory (leaf); demulcent and astringent (stem and leaf)

Analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, astringent, depurative, emetic, laxative, sedative, tonic, vulnerary.

Anipyretic, antiseptic, expectorant, hemostat; astringent, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative and strongly styptic (root)

Antiviral, hypothermic and stimulates the cardiovascular system (plant); antibacterial (leaf).

Antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antispasmodic, astringent, cardiotonic, demulcent, depurative, hypoglycaemic, laxative, sedative, tonic (root and stem); deobstruent and sedative (stem); antipyretic, antitumour, hypoglycaemic and sedative (plant extract)

Antidote, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, antipyretic and depurative (stem, leaves); antidote and febrifuge (fruit); anti-inflammatory (plant)

Diuretic, tonic, vermifuge and contraceptive (seed); antigonorrheic, purifies blood, antibacterial, antiscorbutic, depurative, diuretic and febrifuge (plant); analgesic, anthelmintic, gently laxative, astringent, tonic (to the heart), demulcent, emollient, hemostatic, reduces fever and diaphoretic.

Antispasmodic, astringent and febrifuge (roots and herb).

Diuretic (leaves); carminative (infusion of leaves); febrifuge (decoction of leaves or flowers); parasiticide (decoction of the shoot); sudorific, carminative and pectoral (decoction of the roots, leaves, flowers, and fruit).

Antispasmodic, vermifuge, emetic, astringent, sedative, anodyne, anti-inflammatory and febrifuge

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, hypothermic and antidiuretic (plant); mouth antiseptic (plant infusion); hypotensive, antiviral, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antiemetic, antispasmodic, astringent, purifies the blood, carminative, laxative, diuretic, emetic and sedative.

Antiinflammatory and antiseptic (salted fruit); antipyretic, antiseptic, emetic, ophthalmic; analgesic, anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, sedative and vulnerary (seed)

Astringent, bitter and febrifuge (bark); analgesic, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, astringent, diuretic, hematonic, pectoral, sedative, tonic (berry)