Aperient, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, nervine, stimulant, tonic, increases nerve strength (fruit); anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and antifungal (essential seed oil); potent aphrodisiac (seed); antigalactogogue, antiseptic.

Sudorific, diuretic and anti-lactant (rhizome); antigalactagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, hypertensive, hypotensive, and sudorific (root infusion).

Analgesic, antispasmodic, emetic, galactofuge and sedative (root)

Antirheumatic, cancer, emmenagogue, galactofuge, haemostatic, hepatic and tonic (roots); diuretic (seed); for rheumatism (plant)

Antispasmodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, galactofuge and stimulant (root)

Alleviates spasms (aerial part); cytotoxic, astringent, demulcent, diuretic and antigalactagogue (root); stimulates the uterus, demulcent and astringent(fruit); astringent (root and bark).

The shoots are diuretic. The seed sprouts are demulcent, expectorant, galactofuge, lenitive and stomachic. They are sometimes abortifacient; antiviral and antiprotozoal (50% EtOH plant extract). The seed is digestive, emollient, nutritive, febrifuge and stomachic.

Diuretic, carminative, ecbolic, emmenagogue, antidandruff, antispasmodic, aperient, digestive, expectorant, galactofuge, kidney, stomachic, tonic and antipyretic (herb); antiscorbutic (leaves)

Galactofuge (root)

Antiseptic and antiasthmatic (leaf and flower); lowers blood sugar (leaf); antihydrotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, galactofuge, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, laxative, alleviates spasms and reduces fever and nausea (plant); kills insects and carminative (essential oil).

Abortifacient, astringent, antigalactagogue and antihaemorrhagic (plant extract)