Analgesic, febrifuge (leaves); aphrodisiac, antiseptic, antispasmodic, galactogogue and tonic (flowers); anti-depressant, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, anti-spasmodic, cicatrisant, expectorant, galactagogue, parturient, sedative and uterine (oil).

Galactagogue (fruit, leaves and flowers)

Stimulates the central nervous system (plant) and aphrodisiac (leaf); laxative, reduces spasms and diuretic. Anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative (sap); anodyne and galactogogue (seed)

Reduces fever, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk, sweet, bitter, refrigerant, galactagogue, expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, antipyretic and tonic (bulb); astringent, antiinflammatory and emollient.

Anodyne, antiphlogistic, astringent, balsamic and haemostatic (stem); antirheumatic, diuretic and galactogogue (fruit)

Stimulant, expectorant, tonic, increases the flow and/or secretion of milk, antiasthmatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic and mildly tonic (plant); antimicrobial (essential oil); astringent (leaves and seeds); stimulant, sudorific, emmenagogue and galactagogue (plant infusion)

Aphrodisiac (decoction of the root and stem bark); galactagogue, aphrodisiac, tonic and purgative (bark); galactogogue (latex and leaves maceration)

Aphrodisiac (decoction of the root and stem bark); galactagogue, aphrodisiac, tonic and purgative (bark); galactogogue and antiseptic (latex)

Abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, emmenagogue, galactagogue, laxative, purgative, tonic, laxative and emetic (leaf), cytotoxic and lowers blood sugar (fruit and seed), lipogenic and antilipolytic (fruit), kills insects (seed oil).

Emollient (leaves); emmenagogue, galactagogue, and diuretic (leaf juice); stimulant and diuretic (roots); digestive (decoction of roots); emmenagogue, anti-abortive and antihaemorrhagic (aerial parts).

Bitter, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, mildly expectorant, galactogogue (herb)

The leaves are carminative and said to have a galactagogue property.

Alterative, antiseptic, astringent, galactogogue, haemostatic, rubefacient and tonic (bark or root bark); appetizer, astringent, diuretic and emetic (tea made from the roots); diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, purgative and refrigerant (berries)

Alterative, antiscrophulatic, cholagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, expectorant, galactogogue, purgative, sternutatory and tonic (Whole plant and root);

Galactogogue (plant); febrifuge (leaf and root); laxative (gum); vermifuge (roots); hydrogogue and cathartic (stem juice)

Abortifacient, emmenagogue, galactogogue and sedative

Galactogogue and diuretic

Antibacterial, cholagogue, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative and stomachic (plant); anticancer (stem)

Deobstruent, diuretic, febrifuge, galactagogue, sedative and vermifuge (pith)

Aphrodisiac and diuretic (fruit); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system, abortifacient, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, pectoral and tonic (seed and plant); cardiotonic and enhances semen production (plant).