Anthelmintic and febrifuge (stem bark); anthelmintic and antifebrile (root bark); antipruritic (thorns on the plant); antibacterial, antifungal, antitussive, astringent, emetic, expectorant, haemostatic and stimulant (fruit); emetic, expectorant, decongestant and purgative (seed);

Analgesic, antibacterial, antipyretic, diaphoretic and expectorant (root)

Ayurveda uses its roots as abortifacient, acrid, alexiteric, anthelmintic, antipyretic, bitter, depurative, digestive, emetic, expectorant, gastrointestinal irritant, purgative, rejuvenative, stomachic, thermogenic, tonic, in dealing debility, dyspepsia, flatulence, haemorrhoids, helminthiasis, inflammations, in promoting labour pain and expulsion of the placenta; stimulates uterine contractions (fresh plant juice and rhizome); antimalarial and laxative (tuber).

Antiinflammatory, expectorant, antidiuretic, antihistaminic and antiulcer (glycyrrhizin), antiviral (glycyrrhizic acid),depurative, stimulates secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, encourages production of hormones (including hydrocortisone).

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, antitussive, cholagogue, demulcent, emollient, expectorant and laxative (root);

Antibacterial (leaf); stimulates uterine contractions and diuretic (aerial part); stimulates or restores normal menstrual function (root bark); expectorant, demulcent, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk, laxative and aphrodisiac (seed).

Nervine tonic, brain tonic, demulcent, anti-acidic, expectorant, antipyretic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, carminative and cardiac tonic.

Antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, expectorant and sedative (dried leaves and flowering tops).

Emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, stimulant.

Alleviates spasms (50% EtOH aerial part extract); antidiabetic. stimulates insulin production and/or secretion and antiviral (leaf); inhibits high blood sugar levels (leaf extract); increases the secretion of gastric juices. laxative. diuretic, acrid, alexipharmic, anodyne, anthelmintic, antipyretic, astringent, bitter, cardiotonic, digestive, emetic,expectorant, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, uterine tonic.

Antiseptic, cytotoxic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, insecticide, purgative.

Carminative, rubefacient, stimulant (leaves or flowering stems); stimulant, carminative, and emmenagogue (oil); relaxant, stimulant, diffusive (plant); abortifacient, allergenic, analgesic, anesthetic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, decongestant, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine.

The rootstock is carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. Vasodilator, alleviates spasms, hypoglycemic, antiasthmatic, antiinflammatory and stimulant (rhizome); anthelmintic and antimicrobial (essential oil from rhizome).

Diuretic, expectorant; febrifuge, stomachic and nutitive (flower heads and seeds)

Antiviral (leaf); intoxicating and anodyne (plant); expectorant, good antidote for snakebites, antiasthmatic.

Aphrodisiac, digestive, mildly expectorant and sedative (roots and leaves)

Anodyne, antidote, demulcent, expectorant and refrigerant (leaves); antiphlogistic, depurative, febrifuge, pulmonary and stimulant (flowers).

Antitussive, blood purifier and expectorant.

Acrid, antidysenteric, anthelmintic, astringent, reduces fever, tonic and increases the secretion of gastric juices (bark); slows down the growth of certain bacteria related to tuberculosis (conessine in bark) antiperiodic, aphrodisiac, bitter, carminative, expectorant, febrifuge.

The shoots are diuretic. The seed sprouts are demulcent, expectorant, galactofuge, lenitive and stomachic. They are sometimes abortifacient; antiviral and antiprotozoal (50% EtOH plant extract). The seed is digestive, emollient, nutritive, febrifuge and stomachic.