Expectorant, antipyretic and antispasmodic (leaves); bitter tonic and a stimulating balsamic expectorant (bitter tea made from the leaves);

Antispasmodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, galactofuge and stimulant (root)

Antirheumatic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, nervine, purgative and resolvent (flowers and stems); aphrodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, stomachic and tonic (seeds); analgesic, antibacterial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, cardiotonic, cardiotoxic, deobstruent, depurative, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, myotonic, peristaltic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (tea made from flowers).

Expectorant, contraceptive (plant); emetic (bulb and fresh leaves); Antiscrofulatic and emollient (leaves).

The leaves, and the essential oil they contain, are antiseptic, antispasmodic, expectorant, febrifuge and stimulant. Its antiseptic properties confer some antimalarial action; carminative, alleviates spasms, antiperiodic, antiseptic, aromatic, deodorant, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, stimulant and fungitoxic (leaf); antibacterial and stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); antiseptic (mainly in skin diseases and for upper respiratory infections), stimulant and expectorant (essential oil); antipyretic (bark and leaf).

Alterative, cardiac, cathartic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, hepatic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (stem and root bark); emetic and strongly laxative (seed)

Stops blood flow, stimulates heart, diaphoretic, tonic and expectorant (plant); emetic and diaphoretic (hot infusion)

The plant is bitter, pungent, laxative, carminative and alexipharmic. The milky juice of its stem is used as purgative, rubefacient and expectorant, laxative, expectorant and diuretic (latex); dilates bronchial tubes (latex and stem).

Alterative, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, carminative, deobstruent, deodorant, expectorant, laxative, parasiticide, sedative, stimulant, tonic.

Antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant, laxative, sedative (gum resin)

Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, carminative, contraceptive, diaphoretic, expectorant, nervine.

The essential oil is bactericidal, carminative and stimulant; expectorant and antiinflammatory (fruit); laxative and antispasmodic (root); antimicrobial (essential fruit oil); carminative (leaf and fruit); oxytocic and abortifacient (essential seed oil).

Astringent, analgesic, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, diuretic and expectorant (bark)

Analgesic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, astringent, diuretic, expectorant and stomachic (bark)

Antitussive, astringent, demulcent, expectorant, febrifuge and pectoral (bulb)

Antidote, antitussive, astringent, expectorant, galactogogue and purgative (bulb)

Astringent, diuretic and mildly expectorant (flowering plant)

Antispasmodic, detergent, expectorant and resolvent (plant)

The fruit is stomachic, astringent and expectorant; antiasthmatic (leaf).

Cathartic, slightly diaphoretic, a mild and efficient emetic, expectorant and tonic (dried powdered root bark); strongly laxative and emetic (tea from whole plant); tonic, emetic, a cathartic, expectorant, purgative, tonic emetic, and expectorant (root).