Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (herb)

Stimulant (essential oil); antimicrobial, expectorant, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, aids in digestion and carminative (plant); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (leaves and flowering stem)

Antioxidant, antitussive, expectorant and febrifuge[ (plant)

Antidote, arsenic, antidote, antipyretic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardiac, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostatic, toxic and vermifuge.

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Adaptogen, alterative, carminative, demulcent, emetic, expectorant, stimulant and tonic (root); emetic and expectorant (leaves)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic and stimulant (roots and flowers)

Expectorant, sedative, diaphoretic and pain reliever (flower); narcotic (latex); antimicrobial, anticancer (plant extract); sudorific, sedative and anodyne (petals); anodyne, emollient, emmenagogue, expectorant, hypnotic, slightly narcotic and sedative (flowers and petals)

Aperient, alterative, emetic, expectorant and tonic (bark and fresh young shoots); aperient, astringent and diuretic (tea made from the leaves); astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic (shoot extract)

Laxative (root bark); alleviates spasms, antibacterial, hypothermic, musculotropic, stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, anthelmintic, emetic, expectorant and stimulates the uterus (plant)

Sedative, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, stomachic, tonic, hypothermic, alleviates spasms, antiasthmatic, abortifacient and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); stimulating the intestinal tract (essential oil); carminative, antiinflammatory and diaphoretic (seed, stem and leaf); antiasthmatic, antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

Diuretic, carminative, ecbolic, emmenagogue, antidandruff, antispasmodic, aperient, digestive, expectorant, galactofuge, kidney, stomachic, tonic and antipyretic (herb); antiscorbutic (leaves)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, antitussive, carminative, expectorant and febrifuge (root)

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Aphrodisiac, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, estrogenic, expectorant, laxative, pectoral, purgative, refrigerant

Antipyretic and diuretic (leaves); antipyretic, antitussive, expectorant and sedative (juice of the stems); antiemetic, depurative and sedative (epidermis of the stem bark); astringent, antipyretic, diuretic and styptic (root).

Antipyretic and diuretic (leaves); antipyretic, antitussive, expectorant and sedative (juice of the stems); antiemetic and sedative (epidermis of the stem bark); astringent, antipyretic, depurative, diuretic and styptic (roots).

Antiphlogistic, antipyretic, antitussive and expectorant (whole plant); febrifuge and slightly tonic (leaves and stems).