Antilactagogue, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, emollient,laxative, purgative, vermifuge (whole plant).

Abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, emmenagogue, galactagogue, laxative, purgative, tonic, laxative and emetic (leaf), cytotoxic and lowers blood sugar (fruit and seed), lipogenic and antilipolytic (fruit), kills insects (seed oil).

Vermifuge (leaves); Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, atipyretic, astringent, carcinogenic, cardiotonic, deobstruent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, laxative, stimulant.

Abortifacient, aromatic, astringent, emmenagogue and stomachic (leaves); antioxidant, antiviral, astringent, bactericide, diuretic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, fungicide, hepatoprotective, insecticide, insecticide, narcotic, sedative, sialagogue, stimulant, stomachic, toxic and vermifuge (plant)

Astringent, antispasmodic and powerfully emetic (bulbs, leaves, flowers)

Emetic, antiphlogistic and analgesic (root)

The leaves and the flowers are cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and sternutatory; cardiotonic (leaf, bark, root and seed); induces tears (fresh leaf juice); stimulant, antiinflammatory and relieves pain (bark, root and seed)

Narcotic (plant); antispasmodic, cathartic, emetic, narcotic and sedative (leaves).

Medicinally it is used as a sedative, diuretic, expectorant, discutient, and sialagogue, and internally only as an emetic, when all other emetics fail. The leaves are antispasmodic, discutient, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, irritant, narcotic, sedative and sialagogue.

Antifungal and antibacterial (essential oil); digestive, tonic, stimulant, demulcent, diuretic, antiemetic, antiseptic, styptic, stimulates the central nervous system, antirheumatic and alleviates spasms (plant).

Strongly emetic, relieves pain (infusion) and antiviral.

Roots are considered to be emetic, emollient and carminative, useful in colic, spasm, rheumatism and gout. Leaves and roots are considered to be a tonic. Stimulates the central nervous system. alleviates spasms and anticancer (leaf); immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory (plant).

Antiinflammatory, diuretic, hypothermic and depresses the central nervous system (plant); laxative and emetic (seed).

Adaptogen, alterative, carminative, demulcent, emetic, expectorant, stimulant and tonic (root); emetic and expectorant (leaves)

Stimulant, carminative and against fever (root); increases: strength, stamina, virility, salivation and the secretion of gastric juices; anthelmintic, anticonvulsive, antiemetic, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, blood purifier, contraceptive and demulcent.

Aperient, alterative, emetic, expectorant and tonic (bark and fresh young shoots); aperient, astringent and diuretic (tea made from the leaves); astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic (shoot extract)

Antiscorbutic and stomachic (fruit); vermifuge (leaf decoction); emetic, diuretic and vermifuge (root)

Emetic (root); hypothermic and stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); emetic, irritant and caustic (latex)

Abortifacient and aphrodisiac (plant); anthelmintic, narcotic, alterative, lactagogue, antispasmodic, hypnotic, anodyne, emetic, alleviates spasms, narcotic and kills certain insects (seed); antimicrobial, hypertensive, stimulates motor tracts of the central nervous system, acts as an MAO inhibitor, diuretic, stupefacient,diaphoretic.

Laxative (root bark); alleviates spasms, antibacterial, hypothermic, musculotropic, stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, anthelmintic, emetic, expectorant and stimulates the uterus (plant)