Expectorant, contraceptive (plant); emetic (bulb and fresh leaves); Antiscrofulatic and emollient (leaves).

Alterative, cardiac, cathartic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, hepatic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (stem and root bark); emetic and strongly laxative (seed)

Stimulant, febrifuge and laxative; antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative, purgative, stimulant, vasodilator (leaves and flowering stems)

Stops blood flow, stimulates heart, diaphoretic, tonic and expectorant (plant); emetic and diaphoretic (hot infusion)

Stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part), emetic, irritant, purgative, stomachic.

Acts as emetic and cathartic (roots)

Anticancer, antiseptic, cathartic, emetic and purgative (plant); violent purgative and rubefacient (leaves); depilatory (latex in the stems); diuretic, parasiticide, antitumor and purgative (seed)

Abortifacient, carcinogenic, emetic, immunostimulant, irritant, laxative, rubefacient, sialagogue, toxic and vesicant.

Its stem-extract has antifungal properties and the aerial parts are antiprotozoal. Emetic, laxative, rubefacient, anticancer and astringent (plant); stimulates the central nervous system. hypothermic and antiprotozoal (aerial part).

Externally applied as a febrifuge (leaves); purgative and emetic (decoction of root bark).

Tonic, lactagogue and emetic (fruits); as purgative and emetic (fruits, seeds and bark).

Emetic and anthelmintic (latex and fruits); vermifuge (latex).

Chewed as an antidote (roots); purgative (latex of leaves and fruits); emetic (fruits); sudorific to headaches (leaves); diuretic (decoction of roots).

Antibacterial, antiherpetic, antileukemic, antispasmodic, depurative, diuretic, emetic, hepatotonic, laxative, peristaltic and prostaglandigenic.

Astringent, emmenagogue and a bitter tonic (bark); diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and strongly laxative (inner bark); aphrodisiac (seed)

Purgative, emetic and vermifuge.

Cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, stimulant and vasoconstrictor (twigs, leaves and flowering stems)

Cathartic, slightly diaphoretic, a mild and efficient emetic, expectorant and tonic (dried powdered root bark); strongly laxative and emetic (tea from whole plant); tonic, emetic, a cathartic, expectorant, purgative, tonic emetic, and expectorant (root).

Anthelmintic and febrifuge (stem bark); anthelmintic and antifebrile (root bark); antipruritic (thorns on the plant); antibacterial, antifungal, antitussive, astringent, emetic, expectorant, haemostatic and stimulant (fruit); emetic, expectorant, decongestant and purgative (seed);

Ayurveda uses its roots as abortifacient, acrid, alexiteric, anthelmintic, antipyretic, bitter, depurative, digestive, emetic, expectorant, gastrointestinal irritant, purgative, rejuvenative, stomachic, thermogenic, tonic, in dealing debility, dyspepsia, flatulence, haemorrhoids, helminthiasis, inflammations, in promoting labour pain and expulsion of the placenta; stimulates uterine contractions (fresh plant juice and rhizome); antimalarial and laxative (tuber).