Anthelmintic, carminative, diuretic, emetic, strongly laxative and stomachic (tea made from the roots)

Antiemetic, appetizer, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stomachic and tonic (rhizome)

Antibacterial, antiemetic, appetizer, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Diuretic, emetic and purgative (leaves); purgative and emetic (fruits)

Antiemetic, antispasmodic, expectorant, stimulant and vermifuge (whole plant)

Antibacterial, antifeedant, antileishmanic, antimalarial, aphrodisiac, bradycardic, bronchospasmogenic, cardiovascular, convulsant, CNS Stimulant, cytotoxic, desmutagenic, emetic, euphoric, hallucinogen, hyperkinetic, laxative, phototoxic, protisticide, psychotropic, respiradepressant, spinodepressant, telepathic, tremorigenic, uteroactive, vermifuge (Ayahuasca)

Cholagogue, emetic, febrifuge and purgative (root); antiseptic, astringent and laxative (fresh root)

Stomachic (leaf, bark); febrifuge, analgesic, antidote, antiemetic, antipyretic, stimulant, vulnerary.

Antidote, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, laxative, stomachic.

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root)

Diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root); aphrodisiac (root decoction); emetic, diuretic and laxative (decoctions of the roots and leaves); as a mild laxative and febrifuge (infusion of whole plant); abortifacient and ecbolic (infusion of leaves)

Emetic (root decoction)

Stimulant (root); stimulates the heart and contraction of the uterus (seed); emetic (bark); astringent (gum and bark); demulcent (flower, gum and bark).

Antieczematic (plant); emetic and as an antiseptic (stem and leaves)

Cardiotonic, emetic, irritant, laxative, rodenticide

Diuretic, emetic, rubefacient and stimulant (seed); antiseptic (mustard flour)

Carminative, emetic, hallucinogen, intoxicant, narcotic, psychotropic, sedative, vermifuge.

Emetic (decoction from the crushed seeds); diuretic (roots); uterine tonic (powdered leaves).

Organic extract causes a reduction of reverse transcriptase activity accounting for its anti-HIV action (Kalvatchev), antiprotozoal and antispamodic (plant); antibacterial (essential oil and flower); reduces fever, diaphoretic, antiemetic and carminative; stimulant, bitter, tonic, sudorific, febrifuge, carminative, anti-emetic and anthelmintic (florets).

Antiarrhythmic and alleviates spasms (root); anticancer (root and leaf); hypotensive (latex); laxative (plant juice); digestive, stomachic and tonic(flower); emetic, diaphoretic, alternative and purgative (root- bark and juice).