Purgative and emetic (leaves, shoots and fruits).

Antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, expectorant, tonic, uterine tonic (root); antispasmodic, emetic, emmenagogue.

The root has stimulant, alternative, antirheumatic properties; antiinflammatory (plant); diaphoretic, emetic and expectorant, antiallergic (leaf); anticancer (stem and leaf).

Cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic, when taken in large doses and expectorant, hypotensive (bulb)

Analgesic, anthelmintic, cathartic, emetic, errhine, expectorant, hypnotic and sternutatory (roots)

Analgesic, diaphoretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, narcotic and sedative (root); abortifacient, antipyretic, antispasmodic, arteriosedative, cardiosedative, decongestant, diuretic, hepatotonic, hypotensive, insecticide, nephrotonic, sedative, tranquilizer.

Anodyne, cathartic, emetic, hepatic, laxative and tonic (root); antiseptic, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, hepatotonic.

Antispasmodic, astringent and sedative (bark); antiscorbutic, emetic and laxative (leaves and fruits)

Hypotensive (root); emetic (root and seed); laxative (flower. root and seed); diaphoretic, expectorant, antipyretic and diuretic.

Anodyne, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, cardiac, demulcent, depurative, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, laxative, vulnerary stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic (plant); emetic and purgative (root)

Sedative, antispasmodic, cardiac, cytostatic, diuretic, hypotensive, narcotic, nervine, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, emetic, anticancer and has a positve effect on arteriosclerosis (aerial part and leaf); hypotensive (leaf, wood and bark); diuretic and laxative (fruit); cardiotonic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic and purgative (fruit, leaf, wood and bark).

Carminative, emetic, alterative, diuretic, antibilious, antiinflammatory, depresses the central nervous system and sedative (fruit); proteolytic (plant and fruit).

Antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, emetic and febrifuge (root)

The whole plant is an active styptic for both local and general application. It is also diaphoretic, diuretic and sedative. An infusion of the root has been used as an emetic

Abortifacient, anthelminthic, antiseptic, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue, laxative and tonic.

Analgesic, antiemetic, aphrodisiac, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, expectorant, nervine, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.