Diuretic, emetic and a strong laxative (inner bark, root bark); stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic (elder flower); antiseptic (leaves).

Diuretic and purgative (barks and leaves); diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, laxative (plant)

Inhibit reverse transcriptase, adjuvant, alterative, analgesic, anthelmintic, anticonvulsive, antidiarrheal, antiemetic, antihemorrhagic, aphrodisiac, blood cleanser, carminative, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hemostat and laxative.

Emetic and hypothermic (stem)

Abortifacient, astringent, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, laxative, rubefacient, vermifuge and vulnerary (plant)

Antihemorrhagic, pungent, demulcent, antispasmodic and antihepatotoxic (seed); sudorific, aperient, diaphoretic and gentle laxative (leaf); astringent, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hepatic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (plant)

Astringent, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hepatic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (whole plant);

Antibacterial, antifungal, appetizer, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, rubefacient and stimulant (seed)

Alterative, anodyne, depurative, mildly diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hepatic, mildly narcotic and purgative (whole plant)

Antiemetic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cardiac tonic, carminative, cordial, resolvent (root); anticancer and stimulates the cardiovascular system (plant); expectorant and carminative (root and plant); toxic, laxative and digestive (fruits).

Diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, tonic and antifertility (plant); laxative (leaves); styptic (flowers and pods); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, haemostatic and hypotensive (flower and flower buds); abortifacient (seedpods); emetic and haemostatic (seeds).

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostatic, sedative and vulnerary.

Antiseptic, cardiotonic, diuretic, emetic, tonic.

Expectorant and antispasmodic (plant); antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and slightly narcotic (root)

Used as a tonic or a diuretic (fruit); diuretic and expectorant (leaf decoction); febrifuge (juice of macerated leaves); emetic and cathartic (bark)

Emetic (berries); antiecchymotic, diuretic, emetic, haemolytic and rubefacient (root)

Abortifacient, bactericide, emetic, and purgative (plant); anthelmintic (weak infusion of leaves)

Emetic (decoction of bark or leaves); purgative, violent emetic and abortifacient (seeds); cardiotonic (purified thevetin from seed).

Cardiotonic, emetic, thermogenic antispasmodic, stimulant, tonic, digestive, anthelmintic and diuretic (fruit); condiment, stimulant, carminative (seeds)

Cardian tonic and anti-febrile, emetic, useful in restoring the disordered processes of nutrition, creates a cooling effect in the body, root is purgative and tonic. Anthelmintic, purgative and emetic (fruit)