As a tonic, anti scurvy, expectorant and antidandruff (fruit juice); carminative (fruit peel)

Carminative and stomachic and stimulates the secretion of gastric juices (peel); antibacterial and reduces fever (juice); rubefacient and stimulant (oil); repels insects (peel).

Antiemetic, aphrodisiac, astringent, laxative and tonic (fruit); analgesic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, antitussive, carminative, expectorant, stomachic (pericarp); carminative and expectorant (endocarp); analgesic and carminative (seed)

Diaphoretic, rubefacient and vesicant (leaves); anthelmintic, carminative, rubefacient and vesicant (seeds); irritant, acrid, rubifacient and vesicant (bark).

Diaphoretic, rubefacient and vesicant (leaves); blistering and rubefacient (seed and leaf); anthelmintic, carminative, rubefacient and vesicant (seeds); rubifacient, vesicant, sudorific and antifungal properties (leaves); irritant, acrid, rubifacient and vesicant (bark).

Antipruritic, aphrodisiac, antirheumatic, astringent, carminative, discutient, sedative, vermifuge and vulnerary (seed)

Antigout (seed and corm); alterative, aphrodisiac, carminative and laxative (corms)

Alterative, antispasmodic, antioxidant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, litholytic, sedative, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (whole plant or fresh root); emetic (leaves)

Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, aperient, astringent, carminative, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, rejuvenative, and stimulant.

Anti-microbial, astringent, carminative, anti-catarrhal, expectorant, vulnerary, alterative, analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, rejuvenative.

Strong antiseptic and expectorant (resin); antibacterial, carminative, diuretic, emetic, laxative, hydragogue, stimulant and urinary antiseptic.

Analgesic, locally anaesthetic, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, bitter, blood tonic, carminative, cholagogue, digestive, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (root).

Laxative and cardiotonic (seed); carminative (leaf infusion); appetizer, carminative, demulcent, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (leaf)

The seed is aromatic, carminative, expectorant, narcotic, stimulant and stomachic. antibilious; increases the secretion of gastric juices, reduces fever, carminative and stimulant (fruit); diuretic and aphrodisiac (fruit and dried seed); fungitoxic against Helminthosporium oryzae (50% EtOH plant extract).

Cholinergic (including on bladder muscles) (plant powder); laxative. anthelmintic. diuretic and carminative (bark); antiinflammatory, stomachic, tonic.

Carminative, depurative, digestive and diuretic (young growing tips)

Abortifacient, anodyne, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic, sedative, stimulant.

Antibacterial, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, carminative, galactogogue, poultice, stimulant and stomachic.

Potentiation of amphetamine toxicity, stimulates the central nervous system, hypothermic and carminative (rhizome); fights the microorganism (Vibrio) that causes cholera and acts as a trypsin inhibitor (tuber); sweet, bitter, appetizer, alexiteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, laxative.

Antiseptic, bactericidal, balsamic, carminative, cholagogue, fungicide, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (dried rhizome)