Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, sedative and stimulant (herb).

Counter-irritant (oil); antispasmodic, stimulant, carminative and antispasmodic (plant).

Anti-inflammatory, astringent, carminative, cathartic, deobstruent, digestive, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypnotic, stomachic, tonic (plant)

Febrifuge, stimulant, astringent, expectorant (bark); purgative and emmenagogue (root and root bark); stimulant, antispasmodic, tonic, stomachic, carminative, bitter and cooling (flowers and fruits).

Used as a general tonic (leaves); febrifuge (leaves and roots); carminative (root).

Abortifacient, antipyretic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, digestive and vermifuge; anthelmintic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, rubefacient and stimulant (leaves and flowering stems)

Carminative, stomachic, abortifacient, cardiac tonic, rubefacient, stimulant, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diuretic. The seeds are used as antibacterial, anticholeric and anti-viral agents.

Antiseptic, carminative, analgesic, antiprotozoal, lowers blood pressure, antiviral, alleviates spasms and one of the best deobstruents and purifiers of the body (bark); pectoral, sedative, stomachic and carminative (fruits)

Aromatic and astringent (bark); carminative, pectoral and stomachic (fruit)

Stimulant, carminative, astringent and aphrodisiac

Aromatic, carminative, expectorant and stomachic (whole plant); antiseptic (root)

Aromatic, balsamic, haemostatic and tonic (leaves); antiseptic (oil); carminative (fruit)

Antispasmodic, antiarrhythmic and lowers blood pressure (essential oil); stimulant (root); tranquillizing (in monkeys and mice) carminative, deobstruent, deodorant, diuretic, emmenagogue, laxative, nervine, sedative, stomachic.

Repels insects and attracts cats (flower); antispasmodic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, slightly emmenagogue, refrigerant, sedative, slightly stimulant, stomachic and tonic (leaf and flower).

Antiinflammatory and stimulates the heart (plant); carminative and stimulant (leaf and flower).

Diuretic, carminative, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal, anticancer and stimulates the cardiovascular and immune systems (seed); antiasthmatic, dilates bronchial tubes, hypotensive, insecticidal, antibacterial and in animals depresses the central nervous system.

As carminative and antiscorbutic (plant)

Improves digestion, stimulates the flow of bile and alleviates spasms (related to digestion); antifungal (essential oil); antibacterial (essential oil, alcohol extract of leaf and flower, aqueous flower extract); carminative (flower and plant); anthelminthic.

Diuretic and stimulates the central nervous system (fruit); bitter, hot, laxative; stomachic, carminative, antipyretic (plant)

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (herb)