Astringent, antiviral, anthelmintic, lowers blood sugar and antiprotozoal (bark).

Stimulates the central nervous system (plant); astringent and stomachic (leaves and young shoots);

Astringent, diuretic, laxative and tonic (leaves and fruits).

Antiseptic, astringent, emmenagogue, galactogogue and odontalgic (whole plant); abortifacient, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antiulcer, astringent, deodorant, deobstruent, depurative, diuretic, digestive, hemostat, neurotonic, tonic, urinary antiseptic (leaves); nerve tonic and slightly astringent (tea from the leaves); diuretic (tea made from root).

Astringent, emmenagogue and a bitter tonic (bark); diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and strongly laxative (inner bark); aphrodisiac (seed)

Astringent, analgesic, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, diuretic and expectorant (bark)

Bitter tonic, astringent, antiperiodic (bark); astringent, cathartic, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative and purgative (leaves); carminative (seed)

Analgesic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, astringent, diuretic, expectorant and stomachic (bark)

Antitussive, astringent, demulcent, expectorant, febrifuge and pectoral (bulb)

Antidote, antitussive, astringent, expectorant, galactogogue and purgative (bulb)

Bitter, slightly acrid, astringent, laxative, diuretic and alterative (plant); for blood purification and in skin diseases, especially psoriasis (decoction)

Astringent, diuretic and mildly expectorant (flowering plant)

Alterative, antiphlogistic, aperient, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, tonic and vulnerary (whole plant except root)

Alterative, aperient, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, diuretic, hemostat, pectoral, purgative, sudorific and tonic (plant).

The fruit has anthelmintic and cardiotonic properties; astringent (bark and fruit); coagulates semen and stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part). Seed oil astringent, demulcent, emollient ad soothing.

Acts as a febrifuge (decoction of the leaves and bark); emmenagogue (root decoction); astringent (rind extract)

The fruit is stomachic, astringent and expectorant; antiasthmatic (leaf).

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant and tonic (leaf and its oil).

Antiseptic, highly astringent, diuretic, styptic and tonic (whole plant especially root)

Astringent and diuretic (plant)