The plant is bitter, aperient and tonic, and alleviates spasms (50% EtOH aerial part extract); fruit is used as an aphrodisiac and tonic.

Antispasmodic, aperient, cholagogue, depurative, slightly diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative, hepatoprotective and weakly tonic (herb)

Alterative, antiphlogistic, aperient, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, tonic and vulnerary (whole plant except root)

Alterative, aperient, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, diuretic, hemostat, pectoral, purgative, sudorific and tonic (plant).

Anodyne, antispasmodic, aperient, aphrodisiac, astringent, demulcent, emmenagogue, emollient, poultice, refrigerant.

Promote production of saliva, bile and other digestive enzymes, alterative, antidiarrheal, antiperiodic, antiseptic, aperient, apertif, astringent (mucous membranes in gut), blood cleanser, cancer treatment, carminative, cicatrizant, detergent and diuretic.

Diuretic, aperient, deobstruent and purgative (root); sedative type of effect on the heart (e.g.. reduces force of the contraction and the heart rate).

Antiseptic, aperient, cyanogenic, demulcent, diuretic, hemostat (tuber)

Aperient and alterative in cutaneous diseases (seeds); purgative (latex of root); deobstruent, a diuretic, and alterative (decoction of plant)

The herb is cooling, diuretic, febrifuge, relieves thrist, burning sensation of the body, stomachic, aperient, antiseptic and stimulates the heart. Diaphoretic (flowers and tender shoots).

Antiseptic and induces immobility of sperm; bitter, stomachic, antiperiodic and aperient (leaves); emmenagogue (plant infusion).

Antitussive, aperient, diuretic and lithontripic (roots, leaves, flowers)

Aperient, alterative, emetic, expectorant and tonic (bark and fresh young shoots); aperient, astringent and diuretic (tea made from the leaves); astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic (shoot extract)

Diuretic, carminative, ecbolic, emmenagogue, antidandruff, antispasmodic, aperient, digestive, expectorant, galactofuge, kidney, stomachic, tonic and antipyretic (herb); antiscorbutic (leaves)

Cholinergic and relaxes smooth muscles, antipyretic, analgesic, laxative and nervine tonic (plant); antiinflammatory (stem); antiimplantation (aerial part); succulent, aperient (leaves); alexiteric, antipyretic, bitter, laxative and thermogenic (root)

Analgesic, antiasthmatic, anticoagulant, antitussive, aperient, emollient and haemolytic (seeds)

Aperient and diuretic (seed)

Aperient, carminative, demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, hypotensive, laxative, lenitive and ophthalmic (kernels)

Slightly diuretic, laxative and supposedly prevents ailments associated with chills (flowering plant); improves metabolism and antiaging (fruit); aperient, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative and stomachic (flowers, bark, leaves and fruits)

Anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, aperient, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, laxative, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root)