Alterative, analgesic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, blood cleanser, cardiac, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, sudorific and tonic.

Antimalarial (plant and bark); antiarrhythmic and cardiotonic (plant); antipyretic, stringent and antiseptic (bark); antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antispasmodic, bitter digestive aid, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart).

Stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part and essential plant oil); sedative (in hysteria), antibacterial, carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, rubefacient, expectorant and aphrodisiac (essential plant oil).

The seed, with the husk removed, is antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic; astringent and irritant (plant); anticancer (grain); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative, vermifuge (fruits)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative and vermifuge (fruits); antitumor (plant); antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic (seed without husk); anthelmintic (decoction of the roots).

Alterative, antispasmodic, antioxidant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, litholytic, sedative, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (whole plant or fresh root); emetic (leaves)

Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, aperient, astringent, carminative, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, rejuvenative, and stimulant.

Anti-microbial, astringent, carminative, anti-catarrhal, expectorant, vulnerary, alterative, analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, rejuvenative.

All parts of the plant are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative, Hear stimulant and sedative

Analgesic, cathartic and febrifuge (leaves, stems); capillary tonic, antioedemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and hypotensive (fruits).

Alterative, antiperiodic, astringent, deobstruent, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative, tonic; analgesic, antispasmodic and sedative (root)

Analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic and sedative (root); antitussive, cardiotonic, hypotensive and anticancer (plant extract)

Improves blood flow (by dilating the blood vessels and coronary arteries), strengthens the heart and aids in oxygenating the blood (the above effects are gradual); antispasmodic, cardiac, diuretic, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (fruit);

Antispasmodic, cardiac, diuretic, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (fruit); astringent (berk)

Abortifacient, anodyne, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic, sedative, stimulant.

Antiinflammatory (plant and seed); antispasmodic (seed); depresses the central nervous system (50% EtOH aerial part extract).

Antibacterial, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, carminative, galactogogue, poultice, stimulant and stomachic.

Oil has antifungal and antibacterial properties; antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic and depresses the central nervous system (essential plant oil); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cyanogenetic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, preventative (cold), stimulant and insecticidal.

Sedative, carminative, antiseptic, antimicrobial (in vivo), emmenagogue, antispasmodic, deodorant, diaphoretic, insecticide, parasitic, tonic and stimulant (plant oil).

Acrid, bitter, pungent, as a diaphoretic stimulant, carminative, emmenagogue (roots and rhizome); stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic and diaphoretic (oil)