Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, depurative, expectorant, febrifuge, pectoral, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Anticancer, hypoglycemic, antiinflammatory and stimulates the cardiovascular system (root); antiamoebic, antibacterial, anticoagulant and hypotensive (root bark); diaphoretic, laxative, antipyretic, antiseptic, aids in opening the natural ducts and pores.

As an emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant and antispasmodic (roots and seeds); vermifuge (leaf tea); antidiarrhetic (whole plant); antibacterial(plant extract).

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, demulcent, pectoral, skin, styptic and vulnerary (root)

Lowers blood pressure (essential leaf oil) and antibacterial (against Escherichia coli)(alcohol extract of plant).

Carminative and diuretic (plant); insecticidal (against Earias vittella adults)(essential leaf oil); antibacterial and antifungal (oil)

Antifungal, antibacterial and stimulates the central nervous system.

Antiphlogistic, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic and vulnerary (plant); astringent and resolvent (leaves); antiabortifacient, antibacterial, cooling, demulcent, diuretic, resolvent and uterosedative (root)

Insecticidal, antibacterial and spasmolytic (alcoholic extract of the roots); antidiabetic (leaf paste)

Antibacterial (essential oil); abortifacient (flower); inhibitory activity against cyclo-oxygenase; abortifacient (plant)

Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemolytic, hepatic, pectoral, sedative (root)

Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemolytic, hepatic, pectoral, sedative (root)

Organic extract causes a reduction of reverse transcriptase activity accounting for its anti-HIV action (Kalvatchev), antiprotozoal and antispamodic (plant); antibacterial (essential oil and flower); reduces fever, diaphoretic, antiemetic and carminative; stimulant, bitter, tonic, sudorific, febrifuge, carminative, anti-emetic and anthelmintic (florets).

Astringent (root bark); laxative and stimulant (plant); antibacterial (seed).

Analgesic, bitter, antirheumatic and diuretic (root bark); antibacterial, fungicidal and anticystic (plant juice and volatile portion of plant); anthelmintic (root); mild laxative and expectorant; acrid and astringent (dried flower bud)

Diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, laxative, refrigerant, rubefacient, stomachic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and inhibits heart activity in dogs subjected to anesthesia (seed); laxative and emetic (root).

Analgesic, amebicide, antibiotic, antibacterial, cardiotonic, cholagogue, digestive, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypotensive, laxative, pectoral, stomachic, vermifuge

Antibacterial (root, seed and leaf); diuretic (root), bitter and has tonic, febrifugal and purgative properties (seed); antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective (Jafri).

Anticephalagic (plant and seed); antiseptic, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and hypothermic (plant); induces sneezing (leaf and seed powder); anti-allergic, antibacterial; bitter, pungent, expectorant, emetic and carminative (leaves); vermifuge (seed).

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, rubefacient, stimulant and tonic (plant)