Astringent, anodyne, tonic, alexipharmic, tonic, febrifuge, stomachic, cholagogue, stimulant, aperient, antityphoid, antifungal, protects liver, antidiabetic and cholinergic (plant); lowers blood pressure (leaf); antibacterial (shoot).

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, circulotonic, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emetic, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, vulnerary.

Analgesic, antibacterial, antidote, carminative, depuritive, diaphoretic, poultice (root).

Analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, antidote, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, poultice and stimulant (root)

Antibacterial, stimulant, expectorant and diaphoretic (plant); anticephalagic (leaf); the oil possesses direct muscle-relaxant action and also bactericidal and fungicidal properties, and may prove useful as an anti-spasmodic drug and as a clinical fungicide.

Acrid, anodyne, antibacterial, antifungal, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, anticancer, antispasmodic, antitumor, expectorant, sedative and stomachic (root).

Anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and anodyne (whole plant); acrid, anodyne, antibacterial, antifungal, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, anticancer, antispasmodic, antitumor, expectorant, sedative and stomachic (root).

Alterative, antibacterial, antifungal, diuretic; antiasthmatic, antiseptic, antitussive and expectorant (fruit and capsule); anodyne and anti-inflammatory (root)

Antibacterial and antifungal (essential leaf oil); analgesic, anthelmintic, antifertility, antiseptic, antispasmodic, stimulant, carminative, promotes or stimulates the flow of bile, deobstruent (of bowel), diuretic, reduces fever, narcotic.

Analgesic, analeptic, antibacterial, antihistaminic, antiinflammatory, antiitch, antiseptic, carminative, decongestant. depurative, emetic, narcotic and stimulant.

Antiseptic, antibacterial, expectorant, febrifuge and styptic (leaves);

Antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antiviral, cholagogue, diuretic, febrifuge and vasodilator (leaves, young shoot)

Anaesthetic, analgesic, antibacterial, antipyretic, antitussive, diaphoretic, diuretic, hypotensive, odontalgic and sternutatory (whole plant); analgesic, expectorant, sedative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and purgative (roots)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antitussive, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, sialagogue, stomachic, nervous stimulant and tonic (root); refrigerant (a drink made from plant).

Anticancer, alleviates spasms and antiarrythmic (aerial part); aphrodisiac, hypothermic and galactogenic (root); antibacterial and antifungal (bark); antioxytocic and diuretic (plant); antiallergic (root extract).

Antibacterial, antiemetic, appetizer, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Antibacterial, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root); anticancer, anticholinergic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cardioactive, fungicide, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant, laxative, tonic, uterorelaxant.

Astringent, tonic, alterative, purgative, emollient, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and antiviral.

As emmenagogue and diuretic(leaves); antibacterial, antifebrile and haemostatic (aerial parts); antiseptic (plant)

Antibacterial, antifeedant, antileishmanic, antimalarial, aphrodisiac, bradycardic, bronchospasmogenic, cardiovascular, convulsant, CNS Stimulant, cytotoxic, desmutagenic, emetic, euphoric, hallucinogen, hyperkinetic, laxative, phototoxic, protisticide, psychotropic, respiradepressant, spinodepressant, telepathic, tremorigenic, uteroactive, vermifuge (Ayahuasca)