Diuretic, stomachic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, expectorant and, in higher doses, as an emetic and purgative (root); aphrodisiac (root decoction); emetic, diuretic and laxative (decoctions of the roots and leaves); as a mild laxative and febrifuge (infusion of whole plant); abortifacient and ecbolic (infusion of leaves)

Stomachic, carminative and aphrodisiac (rhizomes and roots).

Antidiabetic, cardiotonic, stomachic, antifungal, antiulcerative, antiasthmatic and alleviates symptoms of rheumatism (leaf); increaseses secretion of gastric juices (leaf and seed); antihelmintic, diuretic, laxative and stomachic (seeds).

Stomachic (plant).

Febrifuge and cholagogue (roots); analgesic, antipyretic and haemostatic (fruits); astringent and anthelmintic (stem bark); depurative (leaves and roots)

Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemolytic, hepatic, pectoral, sedative (root)

Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemolytic, hepatic, pectoral, sedative (root)

Purgative (roots); astringent, anthelmintic, analgesic, antipyretic, and antimalarial (seeds); emmenagogue and laxative (leaves)

Aromatic, diaphoretic, expectorant, febrifuge and stomachic (whole plant).

As diuretic (seed); aromatic and stomachic (oil)

Analgesic, antiphlogistic and haemostatic (whole plant)

Antiarrhythmic and alleviates spasms (root); anticancer (root and leaf); hypotensive (latex); laxative (plant juice); digestive, stomachic and tonic(flower); emetic, diaphoretic, alternative and purgative (root- bark and juice).

Expectorant, stimulant and diaphoretic (root bark); anticancer and stimulates the cardiovascular system and respiration (root and leaf); induces vomiting (in large doses); tonic, appetiser, stomachic (flower).

Antiinflammatory (leaf and root); stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, spermicidal, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and rubefacient (plant); diaphoretic, emetic and expectorant(root).

Anodyne, anthelmintic, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, narcotic and tonic (seed). It is a pain-killer, sleep-inducer and used to relieve some of the unpleasant side effects suffered by people undergoing chemotherapy. Stimulates the secretion of gastric juices (flower); induces sleep, aphrodisiac, on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, depresses respiration, analgesic, entheogenic, induces euphoria, hypnotic, intoxicant, narcotic, alleviates spasms.

Analgesic, bitter, antirheumatic and diuretic (root bark); antibacterial, fungicidal and anticystic (plant juice and volatile portion of plant); anthelmintic (root); mild laxative and expectorant; acrid and astringent (dried flower bud)

Sedative, stomachic, antihidrotic and diuretic (root bark); alleviates spasms (50% EtOH aerial part extract).

As rubefacient, antihaemorrhoidal, antirheumatic, antiseptic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, sialagogue and stomachic (fruit); counterirritant (plant)

Diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, laxative, refrigerant, rubefacient, stomachic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and inhibits heart activity in dogs subjected to anesthesia (seed); laxative and emetic (root).

Analgesic, amebicide, antibiotic, antibacterial, cardiotonic, cholagogue, digestive, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypotensive, laxative, pectoral, stomachic, vermifuge